Kesuburan Pria Ditentukan Tulang
Senin, 21 Februari 2011
Hidayatullah.com--Para peneliti pada Columbia University Medical Center menemukan bahwa tulang rangka berlaku sebagai pengatur kesuburan pada tikus jantan melalui sebuah hormon yang dilepaskan oleh tulang yang dikenal dengan nama hormon osteocalcin.
Penelitian yang diketuai Gerard Karsenty, M.D., Ph.D., kepala Jurusan Genetika dan Perkembangan pada Columbia University Medical Center akan dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Cell 4 Maret mendatang.
Sampai sekarang, interaksi antara tulang dan sistem reproduksi hanya fokus pada pengaruh gonad (kelenjar kelamin) dalam pembentukkan massa tulang.
"Karena komunikasi antara dua organ dalam tubuh jarang searah, fakta bahwa gonad mengatur tulang menimbulkan pertanyaan: Apakah tulang mengatur gonad?" kata Dr. Karsenty.
Dr. Karsenty dan timnya mendapatkan petunjuk pertama mereka untuk sebuah jawaban pada sukses reproduktif mereka di laboratorium tikus.
Sebelumnya, para peneliti telah mengamati bahwa tikus jantan yang tulang rangkanya tak menyembunyikan hormon osteocalcin adalah pengembangbiak yang buruk.
Para peneliti kemudian melakukan beberapa eksperimen yang menunjukkan bahwa osteocalcin memperkuat produksi testosteron, hormon steroid seks yang mengontrol kesuburan jantan.
Begitu mereka menambahkan osteocalcin ke bagian itu yang dalam tubuh kita menghasilkan testosteron, maka sintesanya meningkat. Mirip dengan itu, ketika mereka menginjeksikan osteocalcin ke tubuh tikus jantan, maka tingkat sirkulasi testosteron juga ikut naik.
Sebaliknya, saat osteocalcin tidak ada, level testosteron turun dan menyebabkan menurunnya jumlah sperma.
Ketika tikus jantan yang kekurangan osteocalcin itu dikawinkan dengan tikus betina normal, mereka hanya memproduksi setengah dari kelenjar yang bisa dihasilkan pasangan normal.
Kendati penemuan ini belum dikonfirmasikan kepada manusia, Dr. Karsenty yakin bahwa karakteristik serupa terdapat pula pada manusia mengingat hormon tikus dan manusia itu mirip.
Jika osteocalcin juga mendorong produksi testosteron dalam pria, tingkat osteocalcin yang rendah mungkin menjadi alasan mengapa pria-pria tidak subur mempunyai tingkat testosteron rendah.
Yang menakjubkan, meskipun penemuan baru itu berasal dari satu amatan estrogen dan massa tulang, para peneliti tak bisa membutkikan bahwa tulang rangka mempengaruhi reproduksi pada wanita.
Estrogen dianggap satu dari sekian hormon paling mengontrol tulang; manakala ovarium berhenti memproduksi estrogen pada wanita di masa menopause, massa tulang dengan cepat berkurang dan menyebabkan osteoporosis.
Hormon-hormon seks --estrogen pada wanita dan testosteron pada pria-- dikenal mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tulang rangka, tapi sampai detik ini, berbagai penelitian mengenai interaksi tulang dengan sistem reproduksi hanya fokus pada bagaimana hormon seks mempengaruhi kerangka tulang.
"Kami tak tahu mengapa tulang rangka mengatur kadar kesuburan pria, bukan pada wanita. Kendati begitu, jika Anda ingin mengembangbiakkan spesies, adalah sangat mungkin untuk memanfaatkan penemuan ini dengan memfasilitasi kemampuan reproduktif si jantan," kata Dr. Karsenty. "Ini satu-satunya hal masuk akal yang saya kira bisa menjelaskan mengapa osteocalcin mengatur reproduksi pada tikus jantan, bukan pada tikus betina."
Hubungan mengejutkan antara tulang rangka dengan kesuburan pria adalah salah satu dari sejumlah penemuan mencengangkan yang berkaitan dengan tulang rangka dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.
Dalam makalah-makalah sebelumnya, Dr. Karsenty menemukan bahwa osteocalcin membantu mengendalikan sekresi insulin, metabolisma glukosa, dan berat badan.
"Apa yang diperlihatkan penelitan ini adalah bahwa kami begitu sedikit mengetahui psikologi, dengan mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan agak naif, kami bisa menggali penemuan-penemuan penting," kata Dr. Karsenty.
"Itu juga menunjukkan bahwa tulang mempengaruhi sederet fungsi penting yang terpengaruh selama proses penuaan. Seperti itu juga, penemuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tulang tidak sekadar korban dari proses penuaan, tapi juga menjadi determinan aktif dari penuaan itu sendiri," paparnya.
Berikutnya, para peneliti berencana menentukan jalur sinyal yang dipakai osteocalcin ketika memperbanyak produksi testosteron.
Dan untuk pengembangan obat yang potensial --karena para peneliti juga telah mengidentifikasi reseptor pada osteocalcin--, perlu lebih banyak lagi fleksibiliats dalam merancang obat dengan mengadopsi efek osteocalcin.
Apakah itu untuk metabolisma glukosa atau kesuburan, mengetahui reseptor itu akan mempermudah para ahli kimia dalam mengembangkan ramuan mujarab, kata Dr. Karsenty.
"Penelitian ini memperpanjang repertoar psikologis osteocalcin, dan memberi bukti pertama bahwa tulang rangka adalah pengatur reproduksi," demikian Dr. Karsenty.
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